| | cited in
2 pubs:
Janik
(1982);
Votteler
(1983) | | | | | | | | | 5 mm tracheoesophageal fistula enlarged to 3 cm later; cardiac arrest secondary to anoxia | cyanosis, tachypnea, dysphagia | endoscopic battery removal; gastrostomy; thoracotomy; esophagostomy; lower esophagus ligated; discharged ~28 days post ingestion; colon interposition performed about 7 months post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (cricopharyngeus) | esophageal perforation with spontaneous closure within 6 weeks | symptomatic but specific symptoms not described | | |
| | cited in
3 pubs:
Maves
(1984);
Maves
(1986);
Litovitz
(1985)
& NBIH | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula 4 weeks post ingestion; stricture at burn site; fistula closed spontaneously; RLL pneumonia; pseudomonas septicemia; tracheomalacia | 18-22 hours of irritability and dysphagia; refused food; fever; copious black saliva | removal by esophagoscopy 18-22 hours post ingestion; severe circumferential burn with charred material, worse anteriorly; home on NG tube feedings after 3 weeks; gastrostomy 15 weeks post injury; dilatation failed so attempted retrograde dilatation via gastrostomy; 8 months post ingestion esophagectomy required; tracheomalacia with ventilatory insufficiency requiring tracheotomy; decannulated and eating >2 years post burn | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 4 cm posterior esophageal wall inflamed; tracheoesophageal fistula (.5 cm wide, 2 cm long) 4 cm above carina | chest infection unresponsive to antibiotics; drooling, refusal to swallow, coughing with swallowing post removal | removal by esophagoscopy; gastrostomy; 7 weeks post ingestion surgical closure of TE fistula; mild narrowing of esophagus post op requiring 2 dilations | |
| | | | | | | | | | | large tracheoesophageal fistula 1.5 cm below vocal cords; necrosis and edema of esophageal wall at impaction site; esophageal stricture ; septicemia | coryza x 1 week; 2 days croupy cough, respiratory distress, intolerance of solid food; melena; respiratory difficulty and tachypnea; fever | removal by rigid esophagoscopy; gastrostomy for feeding; parenteral alimentation; weekly dilations of esophagus for esophageal stenosis; in hospital > 2 months; home on tube feedings until fistula resolved 5 months after initial injury but stricture persisted | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn and stricture involving a 5 cm segment of upper esophagus | drooling, vomiting, irritable, refusing solids and liquids, otitis media; brought to ED or clinic 6 times over a month with fever, decreased oral intake, vomiting, cough, rhinorrhea, noisy breathing | endoscopic removal from esophagus; 7 months of frequent esophageal dilations, progressing to less frequent dilations | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burn of cervical esophagus at cricopharyngeus; perforated esophagus with free air in soft tissues of neck; esophageal stricture | | removal by esophagoscopy; recurrent dilations required for > 2 years | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus; negative pole anterior | battery mistaken for cardiac lead or thermistor probe on x-ray; not diagnosed until nasogastric tube passage failed; 3 cm esophageal burn starting 2 cm below cricopharyngeus; 2-3 mm tracheoesophageal fistula developed on 3rd post op day, later 5 mm in size; tracheomalacia ; difficulty feeding until 1 year of age | severe respiratory distress; difficulty feeding; tachypnea; fever | removal by rigid esophagoscopy; conservative management attempted with decompressing gastrostomy and feeding jejunostomy; fever and increased tracheal secretions occurred; 6th hosp day diverting cervical esophagostomy; 3 months later resected retrotracheal portion of esophagus and reconstructed esophagus using colon interposition | |
| | | | | | 20
(originally reported
as 10 mm
but parent
reinterviewed by author) | | | | upper esophagus at thoracic inlet | large tracheoesophageal fistula (1 cm diameter fistula) which recurred twice after repair | dysphagia x 4 weeks prior to removal; feeding problems continued after removal | endoscopic removal; nasogastric tube feeding; surgical repair ~ 7 weeks post ingestion; fistula recurred 6 weeks later; 3 mm diameter TE fistula repaired again; 2nd recurrence required resection of 3 cm length of esophagus surrounding fistula and end-to-end anastomosis with omohyoid muscle mobilized between trachea and esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | suspected tracheoesophageal fistula (based on tx provided) | | endoscopic removal; tracheostomy; esophageal resection | |
| | | | | | | | | | | diagnosis missed on 3 x-rays & 7 ER visits over 9 days; unknown specific injury that required esophageal resection | | esophageal resection and anastomosis | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 1 cm2 burn in esophagus; scar tissue in larynx ; esophageal stenosis in cricopharyngeal area | irritable; refused solid food; progressive dysphagia | removal by laryngoscopy; repeated esophageal dilation required over 5 years | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation (blind pouch posterior to esophagus); stricture developed at 7 weeks requiring resection with primary anastomosis; 3 subsequent esophageal dilations required | dysphagia x 3d prior to removal | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation 12 hours post ingestion; tension pneumothorax ; empyema (tx'd then recurred); pulmonary abscess | | endoscopic removal; attempted to push battery into stomach unsuccessfully; chest tube; decortication of lung to tx empyema; hospitalized 35 days, discharged, returned to ER for drainage of another large empyema; tube feedings x 3-4 mos | |
| | | | | | | | | | | left lower lung collapsed ; circumferential burn to bronchus | | removal by rigid bronchoscopy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation ; tracheoesophageal fistula ; esophageal stricture still present 3 years post ingestion | fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing | endoscopic removal from esophagus; surgical repair for TE fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula at T2-T3 | difficulty breathing, fever, choking; hospitalized x 10 days for recurring chest infection prior to diagnosis; cough associated with drinking persisted after battery removal | removal by esophagoscopy; patient NPO after TE fistula detected and fed parenterally x 3 weeks then by nasojejunostomy; TE fistula healed 6 weeks after battery removal (about 8 weeks post ingestion) | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (cricoid) | mild subglottic edema; stridor persisted > 1 month; all symptoms resolved by 6 months | coughed, choked, vomited immediately after ingestion | laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy; tracheostomy tube x 6 weeks for persistent stridor | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burns of esophagus at cricopharyngeus; desaturation; respiratory compromise | | tracheotomy 29 days post ingestion, extubation tolerated 75 days post ingestion without respiratory sequelae or esophageal dysmotility | |
| | | | | | | | | | | severe burns in esophagus and trachea | inability to swallow; evaluated by physician and presumed viral illness | cervical esophagostomy; gastrostomy placement | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burns of esophagus; esophageal stenosis | drooling; refused to eat or drink | stent placed in esophagus for 3 weeks; dilatation x 2 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | severe esophageal burns; coughing and choking with food ingestion; stricture | coughing and choking episodes for a year | endoscopic removal from esophagus; esophageal dilatation 2 months post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal and tracheal perforations; tracheoesophageal fistula | | endoscopic removal; unknown procedures or outcome | |
| | | | | | | | | | | L hydropneumothorax ; esophageal perforation | respiratory distress 6 h after removal | removal by esophagoscopy (3 attempts required); chest intubation for drainage of hydropneumothorax; esophageal perforation closed spontaneously | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation ; child died from unrelated railway accident 3 months after discharge | | endoscopy showed ulceration and necrosis of distal esophagus but battery perforated through esophageal wall and was removed surgically from the paraesophageal space; esophageal perforation closed spontaneously | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation ; mediastinitis ; esophageal stricture developed weeks later | difficulty swallowing food | endoscopic removal from esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | "charred" esophagus; tracheoesophageal fistula | drooling and coughing after removal | endoscopic removal from esophagus; location established 30 mins post ingestion but removal delayed to 4 hours because child had recently eaten; surgical repair of TE fistula 11 days post ingestion; pin-hole esophageal perforation at 8 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal and tracheal burns (presume tracheoesophageal fistula based on surgical procedure ); esophageal stenosis | | endoscopic removal; surgical repair of trachea and esophagus 5 months post ingestion; tube feedings for protracted period; frequent esophageal dilations over 7 years resulting in 2nd esophageal reconstruction; only one additional dilatation required over next 2 years | |
| | | | | | 20.0 (based on imprint code; author gives battery
diameter
23 mm) | | | | | small tracheoesophageal fistula (negative pole in contact with anterior wall); pneumomediastinum ; TE fistula healed by 11 weeks after foreign body removal | difficulty swallowing x 3 days, fever, drooling, intermittent choking, persistent cough, lethargy, tachypnea, mild dehydration, coarse breath sounds; intraesophageal bubbling on positive pressure ventilation | removal by rigid esophagoscopy under general anesthesia; nasojejunal tube inserted for feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula closed spontaneously after 8 months conservative therapy | | endoscopic removal from esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 10 mm ulcer of anterior wall of upper esophagus with necrotic center; ulcer extended 50% of esophageal circumference and 10 mm vertically; tracheoesophageal fistula just above carina; TE fistula persisted > 6 weeks; final outcome unknown | fever, wheezing, respiratory distress, refusing solids & liquids, increased WBC | removal by esophagoscopy; gastrostomy tube placed but cough and vomiting occurred with use so parenteral nutrition implemented and continued at home | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula diagnosed 1 day after battery removal, closed spontaneously with conservative management including tube feedings for 28 days after battery removal | dysphagia, cough, "cold" x 10 days, fever, weakness, drooling; removed 10 days post ingestion; severe coughing with oral intake after removal | removal by esophagoscopy from 3-4 cm below cricopharynx | |
| | | | | | | | | | | very large tracheoesophageal fistula identified 7 days post ingestion (and post battery removal); unable to achieve adequate ventilation | crying, refusal of solids then decreased liquid intake, agitation, unable to sleep, stridor, choking, inability to swallow; hypoxia | removal by esophagoscopy under general anesthesia; urgent repair of the fistula done on cardiopulmonary bypass; 2 cm defect in esophagus; esophagus and tracheal defects sutured; remained intubated for 8 days; feeding began on the 9th post-op day; mild stricture of esophagus at level of the repair | |
| | | | | | | | ab belt (abdominal exerciser) | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; esophageal strictures | stridor, gagging on foods, coughing up mucous | endoscopic removal; battery in esophagus on x-ray 2-3 hours post ingestion but removal delayed until 16.5 hours post ingestion as child had eaten; repeated dilatations of esophageal strictures | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | upper respiratory symptoms including aspiration of food | 2 weeks on total parenteral nutrition, then G-tube, later J-tube feedings; tube feedings continued for 1.5 months; endoscopy 2.5 months post ingestion showed complete healing of TE fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | 3-9 days in esophagus; passed spontane-ously | upper esophagus at thoracic inlet | tracheoesophageal fistula (5 mm diameter) at C7-T1 level, likely developed 9 days post ingestion (based on symptoms) but not diagnosed by esophagoscopy until 28 days post ingestion | irritable, refusing food, drinking only small amounts, vomiting, fever, coughing with eating, rhonchi & stridor after drinking; recurring fever, dehydration and upper respiratory tract infections over 4 weeks; 30% of weight lost in first 18 days post ingestion | battery passed spontaneously; hyperbaric oxygen treatment (3 week course) for TE fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 3 cm long burn of anterior esophagus; tracheoesophageal fistula evident 8 days post ingestion | | removal by rigid endoscopy; surgical repair of TE fistula; transesophageal feeding tube for persistent leak around repair site which subsequently healed spontaneously; repeated dilations for esophageal stricture required over next 7 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; tracheal stenosis; tracheoesophageal fistula; tracheal perforation; tracheitis; brain damage resulted from injury | progressive dysphagia and respiratory distress over 1 week | endoscopic removal; perforated esophagus and TE fistula present; intubated; gastrojejunal feeding tube; tracheal reconstruction for tracheal stenosis; primary repair of esophageal perforation; additional surgical attempts to correct tracheal narrowing at anastomosis site | |
| | | | | | | | | | | large tracheoesophageal fistula of left anterolateral wall of esophagus, 5 cm above carina | presented with choking, vomiting, unable to swallow; tachypnea and fever developed 6 hours after removal (esophagram showed no leakage); readmitted with dysphagia, fever, cough, drooling about 12 days post ingestion | removed by rigid esophagoscopy; antibiotics; steroids after removal; gastrostomy tube placed but TPN required due to tube retraction; TE fistula persisted after 5 weeks conservative management; surgical repair required; no fistula or stenosis on 10th post op day | |
| | | | | | | suspect lithium based on diameter | personal digital organizer | | upper (cervical) esophagus | circumferential 2nd to 3rd degree burns; esophageal perforation (small) described on post op day 1 and closed spontaneously by post op day 14 | drooling; refused to eat; fever | removal by rigid esophagoscopy; bronchoscopy also done; perforation managed conservatively with esophageal rest (nasogastric tube feeding) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | coughing and choking during feeding | removal by rigid endoscopy (first attempt failed, second successful); tracheostomy; NG tube feedings for 1 month after removal; surgical closure of fistula ~ 7 weeks post ingestion; asymptomatic after closure | |
| | | | | | | suspect lithium based on diameter | | | | large (12 mm) tracheoesophageal fistula ; post-op transient paralysis of left recurrent laryngeal nerve ; mild esophageal stenosis required dilatation x 2; no recurrent fistula 6 months post op | dysphagia x 1 week; battery identified on chest x-ray and removed; dysphagia, cough, dyspnea developed 1 week after removal | treated with esophageal rest for 2 weeks after fistula noted; primary repair performed 4 weeks after ingestion of battery as respiratory symptoms and difficulty swallowing persisted; fistula divided and trachea and esophagus were repaired; sedated and paralyzed for 1 week post op for healing | |
| | cited in
2 pubs:
Bekhof
(2004);
Bekhof
(2005) | | | | | manganese dioxide or silver oxide
(2 batteries) | | | | tracheoesophageal lacerations and fistulas | respiratory distress progressing to respiratory failure and feeding problems; fever; tachycardia; high pitched cry; leukocytosis and thrombocytosis | intubation and ventilation x 1 month; 2 batteries removed by esophagoscopy; jejunostomy tube feedings; pneumothorax required chest tube; tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis done 6 months later but one fistula persisted; hospitalized x nearly 1 year; esophageal repair planned in the future | |
| | | | | | | | talking book (suspected source) | | | noncircumferential burns with considerable granulation tissue and erosions; 2-3 months post ingestion esophagus showed significant scarringand damage of 1/3 of esophagus with ulcers that hadn't healed; improved by 7 months post ingestion | coughing and decreased appetite for 6 days prior to removal; soft diet x 3 months; choking on food and required it to be cut into tiny pieces | endoscopic removal from esophagus; repeated esophagoscopy and dilations done several times over 7 months post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burns; esophageal perforation detected on barium swallow 3 days post ingestion, healed 13 days post ingestion; stricture developed | choking and coughing after ingestion; difficulty swallowing soft solids post ingestion | x-ray 2 hours post ingestion showed battery in esophagus but child transferred to another health care facility for removal; tube feedings until esophageal perforation healed; dilation of esophageal stricture required every 3-4 weeks for 14 months post ingestion; tube feedings until 16 months post ingestion; occasional difficulty with solid foods still reported 28 months post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burns; esophageal narrowing developed | screaming and vomiting immediately post ingestion; over month post removal, progressively increased difficulty swallowing solids; residual difficulty swallowing meat 1 year post ingestion | endoscopic removal (delayed because child transferred to another facility for removal); esophageal dilatation 2 months post ingestion; 2nd dilatation later | |
| | | | | | | lithium (suspected based on diameter) | handheld video game (child found battery on floor) | | | battery seen in esophagus on x-ray 90 mins post ingestion but not removed until 15-16 hrs; esophageal and tracheal perforation detected 4 days post ingestion; 3 cm defect in posterior tracheal wall involving carina, right and left main stem bronchi; 4-6 cm esophageal defect | vomiting within 30 mins of ingestion; tarry stools, fever and stridor post removal evaluated and diagnosed as respiratory illness 2 days post ingestion; brought back 4 days post ingestion listless | endoscopic removal; battery dislodged from esophagus into stomach then retrieved; surgical repair of esophageal and tracheal perforations 4 days post ingestion; ECMO required; mid section of esophagus removed and ends closed into pouches; severe intrathoracic infection and pneumonia, pneumothorax and difficulty with oxygenation treated with antibiotics, chest tubes, bronchoscopies and intubation; additional surgical procedure 1 week after first to repair trachea again; esophageal tissue used to reconstruct posterior trachea; additional surgery 13 weeks post ingestion - spit fistula; tube feedings continued > 28 months; esophageal reconstruction 18 months post ingestion with colonic interposition | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (opposite T2) | swelling of esophageal mucosa; refused solid food; esophageal stenosis | | flexible endoscopic retrieval failed; used rigid endoscopy to remove; esophageal dilatation required x 3 | |
| | | | | | | unk (suspect lithium based on size) | | | | severe inflammation of esophagus from 15-18 cm from incisors; ulceration, eschar and exudate on 3/4 of esophageal circumference (at 15 cm); mediastinitis ; tracheoesophageal fistula noted 4 days post ingestion; esophageal perforation presumed as free air in mediastinum; TPN until 12 days post ingestion - perforation healed and feeding started | | endoscopic removal (rigid first, battery fragmented, largest piece fell into stomach; flexible esophagoscopy followed) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burns of esophagus; "grade 3"; lost to follow-up | circumferential necrosis and eschar in upper 1/4 of esophagus | endoscopic removal (delayed as thought was a coin); tube feeding for 12 days or more; lost to follow-up | |
| | | | | | | lithium (suspected based on diameter) | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula (diagnosis not made until 6-7 months post ingestion although symptoms present from time of removal) | dysphagia and cough; difficulty feeding and cough with drinking persisted x 6-7 months; resolved spontaneously by 20 months post ingestion | evaluated by pediatrician x 3 before diagnosis made (treated for URI); endoscopic removal; TPN x 1 month then began feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | severe circumferential burn; unable to swallow some solids for at least 15 months | gagging and choking; productive cough; decreased O2 sat | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | burns of postcricoid area and severe edema of laryngeal arytenoids; bilateral vocal cord paralysis | wheezing, respiratory distress, crying | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | large (2 cm diameter) tracheoesophageal fistula involving > 1/3 of tracheal posterior circumference for at least 4 tracheal rings; right vocal cord palsy | 1 week of cough; battery removed and choking and coughing continued during feeding | tracheal repair with bovine pericardial patch; esophagus resected; gastric interposition; postop sedation and intubation for 3 weeks with nasojejunal nutrition; right vocal cord palsy presumed secondary to iatrogenic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury requiring tracheostomy; 3 esophageal dilations required | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus or hypopharynx; level of cricopharyngeus | bilateral vocal cord palsy due to damage to recurrent laryngeal nerves in tracheoesophageal groove; corrosive injury of anterior and lateral hypopharynx; unable to speak | respiratory distress, bilateral vocal cord palsy | laryngoscopic removal; intubation x 5 days; prolonged nasogastric tube feeding | |
| | | | | | | | Tamagotchi (toy pet); battery removed by older sibling | | | circumferential 2nd and 3rd degree burns; tracheal narrowing and esophageal scarring | choking; respiratory distress; fever x 2 days; stridor and inability to eat solids persisted for > 10 months; lost to follow-up | intubated; feeding tube placed | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 2nd and 3rd degree ulceration on one side of esophagus, 1st degree on other side; strictures developed | refused food other than liquids; vomited and cried when given solids; fever; vomiting; melena; black, tarry stools | endoscopic removal from esophagus; hospitalized x 1 month; tube feedings for > 6 weeks; dilations required at 3 week intervals | |
| | | | | | | | | | | persistent respiratory symptoms after removal required intubation and ventilator support; "poor prognosis" reported; lost to follow-up | vomiting, respiratory symptoms | endoscopic battery removal from esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | severe burns in esophagus | unknown initial symptoms; when feeding tube removed c/o chest pain and nausea after eating | endoscopic battery removal from esophagus; tube feedings required for 1 month post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation (not detected until 3rd endoscopy 5 weeks post ingestion); perforation into larynx described as "laryngeal cleft" | after removal: difficulty swallowing food and fluids; these precipitated coughing; persistent stridor, dyspnea and frequent aspiration of unthickened liquids after removal of feeding tube 3 months post ingestion; lost to follow-up | endoscopic removal (after transfer to a children's hospital); nasogastric feeding x 3 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus at thoracic inlet | injury through mucosa into muscular layer of upper esophagus; 9-10 mm tracheoesophageal fistula developed 7 days post ingestion 2 cm distal to cricoid cartilage and 5 cm above carina; negative pole facing anteriorly | coughing followed by fussiness, dysphasia, drooling; projectile vomiting | removal by rigid esophagoscopy about 12 h post ingestion; spontaneous closure of TE fistula 70 days post ingestion; TE fistula recurred 84 days post ingestion and failed to close spontaneously by 103 days; transtracheal surgical repair done | |
| | | | | | | | | | | large tracheoesophageal fistula involving trachea and right mainstem bronchus with 2nd 1.0 cm fistula developing later into left mainstem bronchus; required ECMO due to the failure of conventional mechanical ventilation, but gas exchange continued to be inadequate; back to OR - found anterior wall of trachea absent and entire lower half of trachea into proximal mainstem bronchi bilaterally involved in fistula | respiratory distress, productive cough, fever; dysphagia; hypoxemia; ventilation, oxygenation and hemodynamics deteriorated with continued airway soiling through the TE fistula; ARDS, mediastinitis, and progressive atelectasis developed secondary to loss of minute ventilation through the fistula; complete consolidation of left hemithorax; gastric distention | removal by esophagoscopy; necrotic, friable, edematous mucosa; 2 lumens, one was a fistula to the trachea and right mainstem bronchus; gastrostomy tube placed; esophagus divided and stapled; flap of intercostal muscle mobilized and sutured onto the tracheal deficit; flap edema occluded the airway, requiring PEEP; 6 days after admission returned to OR because of bleeding; pericardial patch closure of the tracheal defect was done and reinforced with the muscle flap; cervical esophagostomy; Horner's syndrome | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal ulcerations; pneumothorax; spondylodiscitis at T1-2 with prevertebral extension; narrowing of tracheal lumen; mediastinitis | coughing, vomiting, refusal of food, irritable, fever; neck pain, restricted neck movement and fever occurred 6 weeks after ingestion causing readmission 8 weeks post ingestion | removed by esophagoscopy; antibiotics for spondylodiscitis and mediastinits | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential erosions, considerable edema, small esophageal perforation | vomiting and fever x 5 days before battery identified in esophagus; TPN x 2 weeks; continued difficulty swallowing solids 4.5 months post ingestion | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula 1 cm diameter diagnosed 7 days post ingestion; fistula closed by 7 weeks post ingestion and child back on normal diet | child readmitted to hospital 7 days post removal with fever, difficulty eating and swallowing and vigorous coughing/choking with drinking | unsuccessful removal attempt 3-4 hours post ingestion; transferred to another hospital and removed 8-9 hours post ingestion; after fistula diagnosed, treated with NG feeding x 18 days | |
| | | | | | | | | | | inflammation and erosion in proximal esophagus; circumferential injury with most damage anterior; perforation | coughing, choking, sore throat, inability to eat solids | brought to ER with initial complaints and sent home with diagnosis of URI; brought back 4 days later; endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus; TPN, then tube feedings; on clear liquids 3 weeks post ingestion then lost to follow-up | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula noted at removal; injury not circumferential | vomiting and crying after ingestion of battery; developed cough and vomiting after each attempt to eat solids | child sent home from emergency dept with negative chest x-ray (battery above extent of first film); endoscopic removal; hosp x 11 days, sent home NPO on TPN and nebulizers; fistula healed by 6 weeks weeks post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; extensive circumferential burns; diverticulum formed where battery was lodged; trachea collapsed when attempted to extubate child post op; respiratory arrest occurred; child re-intubated; sepsis developed due to mediastinitis; home on pureed diet 2 weeks after battery removal; esophageal narrowing | cough (hospitalized x 2 for suspected croup before diagnosis made - no x-ray done); coughed up blood; unable to tolerate solids 3 months post ingestion, requiring pureed foods | endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus; esophageal dilatation 3 months post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | mucosal injury and vocal cord paralysis; required re-intubation after battery removal for dyspnea and stridor, then tracheostomy | dyspnea, stridor, vomiting | removal by rigid esophagoscopy; supraglottoplasty and tracheostomy 28 days after battery removal; home on tube feedings 38 days post removal; at 7 months post ingestion tracheotomy removed with significant vocal cord recovery | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (level of T1/T2) | circumferential burns; small perforation in esophageal wall; discharged after 7 days; returned to ED about 3 weeks post ingestion with dysphagia | no initial symptoms; dysphagia developed 3 weeks post ingestion | removal attempt by flexible endoscopy failed; battery ultimately removed by rigid endoscopy aided by use of Foley catheter; esophagoscopy, esophageal dilatation and laparoscopic gastrostomy done 3 weeks post ingestion; dilatation under general anesthesia done every 2 weeks x 3 months, every 3 weeks for the next 6 months, then monthly for 3 months; by 18 months tolerated oral feed | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (level of clavicle) | mucosal burns and edema; tracheoesophageal fistula; required intubation and mechanical ventilation x 1 month | vomiting, respiratory distress, possible respiratory arrest, coughing with food and fluid intake | endoscopic removal from esophagus; j-tube inserted | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus sphincter | burns of posterior and lateral esophagus; total vocal cord paralysis | initially choked, then vomited x 20 mins; presented 8 hours later to ED with stridor | battery removed with grasping forceps 8.5-9 hours post ingestion; reintubated due to post-op stridor and total vocal cord paralysis | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper (cervical) esophagus | esophageal strictures; vocal cord paralysis; requires tracheostomy and G-tube | respiratory symptoms x 6 weeks with multiple diagnoses: croup, allergies, asthma; losing weight and spitting out food; lost 1/3 of body weight; difficulty swallowing liquids | battery removed from upper esophagus just below vocal cords; battery eroded through esophagus (beyond esophageal lumen) and encapsulated with tissue; tracheotomy and G-tube required for at least 2.5 years | > 2.5 yrs (not yet feeding normally) |
| | | | | | | | | | | transmural esophageal necrosis bilaterally with mucosal injury anteriorly | witnessed ingestion; child initially asymptomatic; pain and drooling evident later | battery removed endoscopically; NG tube placed; 3-day hospitalization; fed thru nasogastric tube for 4 weeks | |
| | Tan & Gill (abstract)
& NBIH | | | | | | | 4 weeks (conflicting histories of symptom onset) | mid esophagus; negative pole facing posteriorly | spondylodiscitis at T1-T2 intervertebral disc; erosive changes of T1 and T2; posterior bulging of intervertebral disc of T1-T2 into canal; polypoid lesion in proximal esophagus (granulation tissue); neck pain resolved shortly after initiation of antibiotics | esophageal battery identified and removed after 4 weeks of persistent cough (with 3 ED visits); abrupt onset of torticollis 5 weeks after removal of battery from esophagus; neck flexed with restricted range of motion and tenderness on palpation | battery removed by rigid endoscopy; spondylodiscitis treated with antibiotics (IV ampicillin/sulbactam) for 4 weeks (in hospital), then two weeks oral amoxicillin/ clavulanate after discharge | |
| | | | | | | | | | battery at cricopharyngeal level in esophagus | 90% circumferential burns of esophagus with greatest injury posteriorly; partial vocal cord paralysis | child whispering, unable to cry; wheezing; difficulty swallowing | battery removed by endoscopy; nasogastric tube feedings x 7 weeks then advanced to pureed foods but had trouble swallowing liquids; readmitted to ICU for respiratory distress; tracheostomy 2 months after battery ingestion; feeding tube reinserted | at 3 mo still on tube feedings; follow-up ongoing |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential, cork-screw-like burn; vocal cord paralysis; subglottic and peritracheal edema at level of cords | voice soft and hoarse; expiratory stridor; aspirates clear liquids; drooling; high fevers; retching; stridor when upset | endoscopic removal of battery; feeding through nasojejunal tube x 3 weeks, then G-tube inserted for feeding | at 2 mo still on tube feedings; follow-up ongoing |
| | | | | | | | | | proximal esophagus just below cricopharyngeus; negative pole anterior | damage to 50% of esophageal circumference; persistent aspiration without evidence of TE fistula; persistent wheezing; esophageal stricture | stridor and cough x 6 days; stridor and wheezing for > 4 weeks post battery removal | endoscopic removal of battery; esophageal dilatation 2 months post battery removal | tolerating pureed foods only 2 mo post removal |
| | | | | | | | | | | severe esophageal damage requiring surgical resection of portion of esophagus; perforated esophagus; severe, recurring esophageal strictures requiring stent (failed) then mitomycin C | | endoscopic removal of battery; portion of esophagus resected; cervical spit fistula; esophagus surgically reconnected 3 months after battery removal; esophageal stent placed; mitomycin C applied to resolve strictures | initially fed thru G-tube; 3 years post ingestion remains unable to swallow some solid foods |
| | | | | | | | | | | 2 "holes" in esophagus; subsequent scarring requiring 6-7 dilations | | endoscopic removal of battery; 6-7 dilations | |
| | NBIH;
Australian Associated
Press | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | cold symptoms initially; vomiting 1 week after ingestion | endoscopic removal; surgical separation (or resection) of esophagus with spit fistula and G-tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | proximal esophagus
just below cricopharyngeus; negative pole anterior | bilateral vocal cord paresis (R>L) with upper airway obstruction requiring tracheostomy 3 weeks after battery removal for > 15 months; L cord regained some function by 11 months; R cord still paralyzed at 15 months post ingestion | stridor, drooling, hoarse, fussy, unable to swallow; respiratory distress | endoscopic removal; tracheostomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus just below cricopharyngeus | tracheoesophageal fistula | presented with 6 days of cough and poor feeding; stridor evident | endoscopic removal of button cell; trachea partially obstructed by necrotic tissue overlying tracheoesophageal fistula; tracheostomy tube and gastrostomy tube placed; fistula closed spontaneously within 4 weeks | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (intrathoracic) | erosion into esophageal muscularis with contained posterior perforation which healed spontaneously after 8 days of esophageal rest; esophageal stricture (50% narrowing) noted 6 weeks post removal | fever, otalgia and anorexia x 3 days; vomiting; persistent cough x 4 weeks; stridor; dysphagia | endoscopic removal of button battery; TPN; NG tube; single esophageal dilatation 3.5 months after removal | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (at thoracic inlet) | tracheoesophageal fistula; intermittent croup still occurring 3.5 years after injury | lethargy, progressive dysphagia, mild respiratory distress x 7 days | endoscopic removal of battery; gastrojejunostomy tube placed; tracheal and esophageal reconstruction including tracheal end-to-end reanastomosis, primary repair of the esophageal perforation and muscle interposition between the trachea and esophagus; recurring stridor and respiratory distress required multiple procedures to remove granulation tissue and apply mitomycin C | |
| | | | | | | | | | proximal esophagus - cricopharyngeal area | esophageal strictures developed 2 months after removal | unknown initial symptoms; subsequent difficulty swallowing solids with gagging and drooling persisting more than a year after battery removal | endoscopic removal; dilatation every 1-2 months for about 18 months; mitomycin C used with improvement | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Circumferential necrosis of upper esophagus. Developed esophageal perforation with subcutaneous emphysema, right tension pneumothorax, hypoxic episode and pneumomediastinum during endoscopic retrieval. Post-op mediastinitis with hemodynamic instability, 5 day intubated ICU stay. Required gastrostomy feeding tube and esophageal stent | 24 hours dysphagia and food refusal | Multiple attempts over >90 mins to remove battery using McGill forceps, flexible endoscopy, and repeated air insufflations with battery adherent to mucosa; mechanical ventilation; chest tube; IV antibiotics and vasopressors; gastrostomy tube; esophageal stent | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation healed after 24 days esophageal rest (NPO) | | | |
| | Garey
NBIH (this
case is
duplicated
on Fatal
Cases list,
case 32;
child died
nearly 2
years and
10 months
after
ingestion) | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; died (found unresponsive) nearly 2 years and 10 months after the battery ingestion | initial gasping and choking; cyanosis. Stridor developed. | tracheostomy required; unknown other procedures | |
| | | | | | | | | ≥4 days (based on symptom onset since ingestion not witnessed and denied by child) | mid esophagus just above level of carina | esophageal burns in posterior esophagus with eschar formation sparing anterior 2/3 of esophagus; esophageal perforation diagnosed at T3-T4 level on esophagram one day after removal; perforation reconfirmed 5 days after removal; healed spontaneously by 12 days post removal; esophageal stricture requiring dilation | child presented with sore throat, upper back pain, sensation of something in throat, inability to take solids, and emesis. | Endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus. Dilating endoscopy 1 month post ingestion showed mid-esophageal granulation tissue and stricture; repeat barium swallow 4 months post ingestion was normal and no subsequent dilations were required | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus at thoracic inlet | esophageal stricture at thoracic inlet requiring about 30 dilatations | Nonspecific symptoms followed unwitnessed ingestion, including rhinitis, otitis, strep pharyngitis, spitting up food, wheezing, stridor | Battery removed by flexible endoscopy. Adherent to tissue. Feeding began immediately post op and child managed at home. Dilation required about 30 times over next 2.5+ years, initially weekly, beginning about 3 weeks post removal | |
| | | | | | | | | suspected
8-12 months based on symptom duration | | Tracheomalacia compromising the trachea by 60-70%. Granulation tissue and an esophageal stricture present immediately above the battery. Right innominate artery compression | 8-12 months of dysphagia with regurgitation of solid foods and some liquids; weight loss | Endoscopic removal of battery. Persistent midesophageal stricture with granulation tissue, polyploidy changes of mucosa and pseudo diverticula. G-tube placed. Esophagoscopy with dilation every 2 weeks then every month | |
| | | | | | | | | | | "significant" corrosive damage in mid-esophagus and at the gastroesophageal junction. Injury extended into the muscular layer. No perforation. Unknown if later complications | Abdominal pain for a day after suspected coin ingestion | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Esophageal ulceration; esophageal stricture developed requiring dilation at least 3 times | Throat pain on swallowing | Endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus; repeated dilations | |
| | | | | | | | | | mid esophagus (T6-T7 level on chest x-ray) | deep posterior ulcer; esophageal stricture | vomiting, diarrhea, high fever, drooling diagnosed as "GI bug"; melena developed; 7 lb weight loss | G-tube placed for feeding; repeated esophageal dilation required | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; collapsed lung | Anorexia, fever, coughing up blood | surgical repair of esophagus with removal of 2 inches of esophagus; unsuccessful esophageal stent; prolonged hospitalization (>19 weeks); persistent leak in esophagus; g-tube for feeding; >65 total procedures | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | dyspnea, vomiting, choking; respiratory arrest 2 days after battery removal but was resuscitated | endoscopic battery removal | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | refusal to eat for 1.5-2 weeks; vomiting up everything | endoscopic removal of battery; esophageal perforation; surgical attempt to close the hole in the esophagus was only partially successful | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (in neck); negative pole facing posteriorly | esophageal ulcer; periesophageal abscess (0.5*2.5 cm) in neck (retroesophageal) noted 9 days post ingestion; esophageal narrowing | vomiting, coughing, drooling | endoscopic removal of battery; TPN for about a week; several dilations for esophageal narrowing | |
| | | | | | | | | | distal esophagus; just above gastroesophageal junction; negative pole facing posteriorly | After endoscopic battery removal, the child had a mediastinal air leak (esophageal perforation) which slowly healed. He was sent home after a week in the hospital. Twenty-seven days after the ingestion and subsequent removal, the child developed an aortoesophageal fistula. He began to vomit, bleed, gasp, and experienced body stiffness and respiratory arrest. The child had developed an aortoesophageal fistula which was repaired, representing the first known survivor of a battery-induced AE fistula. Post operatively, the child has an esophageal stricture requiring dilation. | Child presented with coughing, spluttering, and inability to swallow fluids 12-15 hours post ingestion of the battery. Twenty-seven days after the ingestion and subsequent removal, the child began to vomit, bleed, gasp, and experienced body stiffness and respiratory arrest | The battery was removed endoscopically. Endoscopy was repeated when the child was re-admitted 27 days later. Endoscopy showed extensive esophageal ulceration with persistent ooze which was injected with adrenaline, causing further massive hemorrhage. Laparotomy was done, opening the esophagus and oversewing the posterior esophageal ulcer, enabling stabilization. A CT angio showed an aortoesophageal fistula, necessitating repeat surgery with resection of the damaged aortic segment and end-to-end anastomosis of the aorta. (Stabilization occurred over about 14 hours.) The child continues to require intermittent balloon dilation for an esophageal stricture. | |
| | Wills
(corrected
12/29/2013
to remove
data
inadvertently
inserted
from
another
case) | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn and perforation; tracheal damage; tracheoesophageal fistula | presented with days of worsening cough, loss of appetite and pneumonia-like symptoms; one month post removal unable to eat or swallow | 2 surgical procedures including tracheal reconstruction; ventilated for 1 week; will require additional surgery for esophageal reconstruction | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | initial cough and fever; anorexia; lethargy; unwitnessed ingestion | 2 surgical procedures; feeding tube; 3 weeks in ICU | |
| | | | | | | | | | | granulomatous inflammatory mass eroding posterior mediastinum and C7, T1, and T2 vertebral bodies with spinal cord impingement; transient weakness of right upper limb, then left side; esophageal stricture | decreased feeding, cough and vomiting x 24 h; 2 weeks after removal developed noisy breathing and feeding problems | endoscopic battery removal; antibiotics; gastrostomy tube feeding; external spinal brace; repeated esophageal dilatation | |
| | | | | | < 24.6 mm
(enlarged
on x-ray) | | | | | esophageal necrosis 2-3 cm below cricopharynx; 3 cm tracheoesophageal fistula (evident on day 7) | | endoscopic removal; defunctioning esophagostomy; gastrostomy tube feedings | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bronchopneumonia; tracheoesophageal fistula 4 cm proximal to carina; esophageal stenosis | hospitalized for bronchopneumonia requiring ventilator support (battery on chest x-ray misinterpreted as artifact | endoscopic removal; gastrostomy and jejunostomy; tracheoesophageal fistula closed spontaneously after 8 weeks of esophageal rest; repeated esophageal dilatation required over subsequent 2 years | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula 4 cm proximal to carina | readmitted a few days after battery removal due to coughing, pneumonia and respiratory difficulty | Gastrojejunal catheter placed for feeding but subsequently displaced; total parental nutrition given through central venous catheter for 3 weeks; tracheoesophageal fistula repaired surgically by interposition of a sternothyroid muscle flap | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; esophageal stricture; subglottic stenosis; dysfunctional swallowing | | endoscopic removal of battery; tracheostomy; gastrostomy; tracheoesophageal fistula persisted 4 months after ingestion; fistula repaired surgically through cervical incision with muscle flap interposition; esophageal dilatation; anterior cricoid split with costal graft | |
| | | | | | | | | | | contained perforation of distal esophagus resolved spontaneously in 8 days | | endoscopic removal under fluoroscopic guidance (fluoroscopy used because of severe esophageal edema and necrosis impairing direct visualization of the battery); total parenteral nutrition x 8 days | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper intrathoracic esophagus | tracheoesophageal fistula | | endoscopic battery removal associated with ventilatory compromise; surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus at esophageal inlet | bilateral vocal cord paralysis; respiratory compromise; aspiration; anterior esophageal ulcer at cricopharyngeal level | persistent stridor (before and after battery removal); persistent aspiration requiring G-tube placement; respiratory compromise required tracheostomy | battery removal via laryngoscopy; remained tracheostomy-dependent 2 years post ingestion; feedings by G-tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (intrathoracic); negative pole facing posteriorly | esophageal microperforation; abscess; spondylodiscitis; osteomyelitis; prevertebral cellulitis (C7-T2 involved); follow-up MRI at 4 and 12 weeks showed resolution | cough x 10 days prior to presentation, treated with amoxicillin for suspected pneumonia; trouble swallowing; fever; choking on food; neck pain unresponsive to ibuprofen developed 2 weeks to 1 month after battery removal; irritability, discomfort relieved by sitting upright, restricted neck movement, and tenderness to palpation | battery removed by rigid esophagoscopy; esophagram showed no leakage on post-op day 1; discharged home on post-op day 4; spondylodiscitis treated with intravenous ampicillin/sulbactam for 6 weeks | |
| | | | | | | | toy
electron-
ic harmo-
nium | | | large tracheoesophagal fistula at T1 | sudden onset hoarseness followed by fever, cough, cyanosis, excessive drooling | intubated for 72 hours for ventilatory support (prior to diagnosis of battery ingestion); battery missed on x-ray; endoscopic removal; surgical closure of fistula due to large size; interposed strap muscles of neck | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burn; esophageal stricture | dysphagia; stridor after removal | endoscopic battery removal; unknown if dilation required | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential eschar; mild supraglottic and glottic edema; endoscopic dilation required 3.5 and 5 months post removal | fussy, drooling, vomiting, "gurgling"; hypoxic epidoses; stridor after battery removal; raspy voice | endoscopic removal of 2 batteries from upper esophagus; intubated | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal narrowing on imaging with no apparent impact on eating | abdominal, throat and shoulder pain; lethargy | endoscopic removal of battery | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; hydropneumothorax developed one day after removal | initial symptoms not described; battery mistaken for coin | thoracotomy; T-tube inserted in esophagus to create an esophago-pleura-cutaneous fistula; gastrojejunal tube | |
| | | | | | | | remote
control
for
portable
DVD
player | | upper esophagus (above cords) | tracheal damage; severe burns | | tracheostomy required; feeding tube; multiple surgical procedures and hospitalizations | |
| | | | | | | | night
light
attached
to crib | | | esophageal perforation (healed spontaneously); circumferential necrosis | | endoscopic removal of battery; esophageal dilation | |
| | | | | | | | | | proximal esophagus at thoracic inlet | tracheoesophageal fistula; bilateral vocal cord paralysis; esophageal stricture; narcotic and benzodiazepine dependency; cardiopulmonary arrest (resuscitated) | respiratory distress, decreased oral intake, drooling, cough, fever, stridor, tachypnea, decreased O2 sat | surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula with end-to-end anastomosis; tracheostomy x 18 months; J-tube for feeding > 22 months | |
| | | | | | | lithium
(suspected
based on
diameter) | | | | esophageal perforation with neck abscess | coughing and fussiness x 1 week prior to presentation; sent home from ED; returned next day with vomiting, diarrhea, and inability to swallow secretions | endoscopic removal of battery; feeding tube placed; anterior neck swelling developed on post op day 2 and neck abscess communicating with esophagus was drained in OR; 2 weeks later a contained fistulous tract noted and drained externally - resolved in another 7 days; hospitalized 24 days; child asymptomatic but lost to follow-up | |
| | | | | | | lithium
(suspected
based on
diameter) | | | proximal esopahgus (just below throacic inlet) | tracheoesophageal fistula 4.5 cm below vocal cords | difficulty swallowing; excessive drooling; about 8 days after removal developed cough and decreased oral intake and was rehydrated; 4-5 weeks after removal again had hesitancy with feeding and barium esophagogram showed extravasation of barium (TE fistula) | endoscopic removal of battery; feeding tube placed; gastrostomy tube placed; transcervical TE fistula repair wth interposition of sternohyoid rotational muscle flap | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bilateral vocal cord paralysis; esophageal erosion; infraglottic edema | acute respiratory distress; stridor; cough | endoscopic battery removal; intra-vocal cord steroid injection; glottic balloon dilatation; unilateral posterior cordotomy | unk (sent home on enteral feeding on day 19) |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula developed 4 days after battery removal; large defect on posterior wall of distal trachea including the carina; initial portions of right and left mainstem bronchi were absent; esophageal stenosis at surgical anastomosis site | cough and irritability present initially; 4 days after removal child presented with respiratory distress, tachypnea, tachycardia, coarse bilaterial wheezing, rhonchi and stridor | endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus; surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula included 1) esophageal isolation, cervical esophagostomy, and gastrostomy tube placement; 2) total esophagectomy via right thoracotomy, and 3) reverse gastric tube esophageal replacement | |
| | | | | | | | for baby monitor; left loose on nightstand | | mid esophagus (at level of carina) | 7 mm tracheoesphageal fistula between esophagus and right mainstem bronchus; narrowing of proximal right mainstem bronchus persisted after spontaneous closure of fistula | no initial symptoms; one week after removal child developed fever, tachypnea, oral refusal, diarrhea and abdominal distension | battery removed by rigid esophagoscopy; tracheoesophageal fistula closed spontaneously in one month with nasogastric feeding and esophageal rest (without operative repair) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | spondylodiscitis (diminished height of T1-T2 vertebral disc and irregularity of adjacent endplates on MRI) | 5 days of irritability and crying with refusal to eat and drink; fever developed; child admitted for diagnostic workup and battery found in upper esophagus on x-ray; battery expelled through spontaneous vomiting prior to esophagoscopy and the procedure was not done; about a month after the initial symptoms, the child developed neck stiffness, restricted neck mobility (fixed in hyperextended position), and fever, with tenderness over upper thoracic vertebrae | intravenous antibiotics x 6 weeks with symptom resolution | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 5 cm partial thickness, non-circumferential burn of esophagus; fever developed post removal; esophageal stricture | | battery removed endoscopically; NG feeding x 17 days; one dilation required 2 months post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | lighted tweezers; fed batteries by sib | | 2 batteries ingested: esophagus (1); stomach (1) | tracheoesophageal fistula; necrosis of fingers and toes; renal infarction | respiratory failure; hypoperfusion of extremities following embolization of thrombus (ECMO complication); renal infarction | battery removal; ECMO respiratory support; tube feeding; multiple surgical procedures to repair esophageal and tracheal damage; amputation of left lower limb and several fingers bilaterally | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | fever, lethargy, coma, hoarse, cough | endoscopic removal from esophagus; G-tube feedings | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation (right posterolateral); pneumothorax evident day after removal; noncircumferential mucosal burn; 50% stenosis of esophagus at site of burn | "decompensated" on anesthesia induction for chest tube insertion requiring immediate needle decompression of pneumothorax | difficult endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus (embedded in wall); emergent chest tube insertion to decompress pneumothorax; pneumothorax healed spontaneously | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 2 cm tracheoesophageal fistula | dehydration, fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, feeble pulses | endosopic removal of battery immediately followed by thoracotomy and primary repair of the tracheoesophageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | retropharyngeal abscess; tracheoesophageal fistula (mid esophagus) diagnosed at 4 weeks | presented with swelling of neck, dyspnea, inability to swallow saliva 2 days following removal of a reported 22 mm (likely 20 mm enlarged on x-ray) lithium cell from the esophagus; developed choking and coughing when feeding begun at 4 weeks | endoscopic removal of battery; antibiotics; feeding gastrostomy; thoracotomy and repair of tracheoesophageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal ulceration; esophageal double-lumen (parallel false lumen); esophageal stenosis | presented with 4-month history of cough, reflux and failure to thrive | flexible endoscopic removal; segmental resection of severe esophageal stricture with primary anastomosis; subsequent mild stenosis treated with two esophageal dilations | |
| | | | | | | | | | | mediastinitis; discitis and osteomyelitis of T1 and T2; mild stenosis of proximal esophagus | lethargy; refusal to lie supine or walk | removal by rigid esophagoscopy; hospitalized for one month; antibiotics; gastrostomy tube; cervical brace | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | | 35 day hospitalization; feeding tube; closed spontaneously after 4 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | | 28 day hospitalization; feeding tube; antibiotics; fistula closed spontaneously | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | | 21 day hospitalization; feeding tube; antibiotics; fistula closed spontaneously | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; noncircumferential necrotic area about 270 degrees around esophagus; negative battery pole facing posteriorly | initial gagging and choking | TPN; esophageal perforation detected about 17 days post ingestion; closed spontaneously | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | surgical closure; gastrostomy tube feeding; chest tube drainage; antibiotics x 28 days; 36-day hospitalization | |
| | | | | | | | | | | unspecified esophageal burns | | feeding tube in place for one month, expected to be in place for 6 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burns of esophagus; extensive swelling required 3 days intubation; readmitted 16 days post ingestion with dehydration and 6-7 lb weight loss; avoiding meat one year later | cough; dehydration; weight loss | endoscopic removal (multiple attempts required before successful) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burns; mediatstinitis (on MRI) with small air pockets treated with antibiotics | initial symptoms: vomiting; unable to swallow | endoscopic removal from esophageal inlet (negative pole posterior); intubated x 4 days; hospitalized x 16 days; antibiotics; gastrostomy tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula visible at time of battery removal (described as large gaping slash fistula) | respiratory distress; wheezing; fever; poor feeding | endoscopic removal from mid esophagus; intubated x 1 month; gastrostomy tube; surgical repair of fistula planned but lost to follow-up | |
| | | | | | | | | | | respiratory arrest; esophageal ulcer | choking or vomiting x 4-6 weeks whenever child ate; respiratory arrest during or after placement of tubes in ears; intubated, then battery in esophagus identified; barking cough | endoscopic removal; intubation | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burn with necrosis; esophageal narrowing and some difficulty swallowing | refusing food; pain; difficulty swallowing | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | small esophageal perforation resolved spontaneously; suspected abscess formation at anterolateral aspect of upper thoracic esophagus | hoarse cry; refusing solids; coughing; drooling | difficult removal by rigid esophagoscopy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | presented with cough and cyanosis x 5 days, with cough, dyspnea and cyanosis continuing after removal | battery removal by laryngoscopy; tracheoesophageal fistula repaired surgically | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula into right bronchus | vomiting after ingestion of solid food and productive cough x 8 months | battery removal by esophagoscopy; thoracotomy to repair tracheoesophageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | presented with dysphagia and choking x 8 days; fever developed post removal | thoracotomy to repair tracheoesophageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | presented with cough, dyspnea, dysphagia and vomiting | Tracheoesophageal fistula repaired through neck incision | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | initial sialorrhea and vomiting | endoscopic removal of battery; balloon dilatation x 4 beginning 4 weeks post ingestion | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | endoscopic removal of battery; 3 cm burn; esophageal dilatation required (once) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | severe necrosis of esophagus; tracheoesophageal fistula developed between days 4 and 10; mediastinal emphysema | presented with cough and dyspnea; stridor and severe dyspnea after removal | endoscopic removal; nasogastric tube; after 4 months the fistula was not closing spontaneously thus surgical closure was performed; revision of the closure was required due to persistent leakage | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal tear; mediastinitis; esophageal stricture | persistent cough for 6 months diagnosed as GERD and asthma, worsened over the 2 days prior to presentation | endoscopic removal showed thin, friable esophageal wall, ulceration and abundant granulation tissue formation; endoscopic balloon dilations x 2 for strictures | |
| | | | | | | | bathroom scale; new battery | | | esophageal perforation (free medistinal air on CT) treated conservatively with TPN and hospitalization for 1 week; repeat CT confirmed healing of perforation | pain, vomiting food, "looked quite unwell" | removed endoscopically 4 hours after ingestion | |
| | Youth
Health
Maga-
zine;
Fairfax
Media
Digital;
Daily
Mail
Australia | | | | | | | | | trachesophageal fistula; vocal cord paralysis secondary to abscess around recurrent laryngeal nerve | wheezing and coughing on presentation; bronchiolitis initially suspected and treated with inhaler | esophagectomy and cervical spit fistula; feeding gastrostomy tube; multiple major surgical procedures (at least 5) in the 3 months post ingestion to attempt tracheal and esophageal repair; still on ventilator 5 months post ingestion; suffered seizures, brain bleeds, infections | |
| | | | | | | | | | | large tracheoesophageal fistula at C7-T1 level | difficulty swallowing prior to removal; cough and fluid aspiration evident on first post-op day | removed by rigid esophagoscopy; surgical repair through combined right cervical incision and median sternotomy with resection of a segment of both the trachea and esophagus followed by primary anastomosis; esophageal leakage noted on 12th post-op day and esophageal diversion was accomplished with a cervical esophagostomy and feeding gastrostomy; esophageal continuity was re-established 3 months later | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | removed by rigid esophagoscopy; feeding gastrostomy; delayed repair of TEF (with resection of esophageal segment) after 6 weeks of esophageal rest; 2 hospitalizations (21 days total); 2 esophageal dilations subsequently required | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; hoarse voice and left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy noted post esophageal reconstruction (unclear if present pre-op) | | cervical esophagostomy; feeding gastrostomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | trachesophageal fistula; left vocal cord paralysis | | cervical repair of tracheosphageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | discitis and osteomyelitis at T3-T4 with extensive paraspinous phlegmon and mediastinitis diagnosed 5 weeks after battery removal; esophageal perforation with contained leak posterior to esophagus; mild esophageal stricture | child with underlying hydrocephalus, hypotonia, developmental delay and pulmonary hypertension presented with tachypnea, decreased tolerance of food and low grade fever; battery ingestion diagnosed and battery removed; 5 weeks post battery removal child presented with fussiness with feeding, pain with sitting up or rolling over, increased work of breathing and intermittent fevers | endoscopic battery removal; prolonged IV antibiotics and esophageal rest | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal
fistula at T1-T2 | presented with fever, cough, shortness of breath, decreased food intake, vomiting, drooling; treated with oxygen, IV fluid and antibiotics for more than a month without improvement; severe acute malnutrition developed; tachycardia, tachypnea, nasal flaring, retractions | feeding jejunostomy x 6 weeks followed by surgical repair of fistula | |
| | | | | | | | glasses for use with 3D TV | | | mediastinitis; esophageal stricture | presented with "rattling chest" for several days | difficult removal due to granulation tissue; prolonged TPN; dilation of esophageal strictures required every 4 weeks for at least 5 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | spondylodiscitis (polypoid granulation on posterior esophageal wall and inflammatory phlegmon adjacent to spondylodiscitis at C7-T3) | presented with abnormal neck posturing, poor feeding, drooling, cough, fever; battery removed; one week later child presented again with neck hyperextension and inspiratory stridor | battery removed by esophagoscopy; IV antibiotics (ticarcillin/clavulanate) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula(s); cardiac and respiratory arrests leading to brain edema requiring brain surgery | initial: vomiting; rash; difficulty breathing; fever | battery removal by endoscopy; esophageal diversion (cervical spit fistula); multiple attempted repairs of TE fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | initial: vomiting with eating x 8 weeks; listless; weight loss; struggling to breathe | battery removal; esophageal dilation x 5 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture (11 cm scar in esophagus) | initial choking and crying; fever after removal; unable to eat solids for 2 months | battery removal; dilation | |
| | | | | | | | | | | corrosion of spine; 3 vertebrae damaged and collapsed; battery mistaken for shirt button on x-ray | initial cough and breathing problems; battery removed > 15 hours after ingestion; 4 weeks later presented with corrosion of part of spine | battery removal; 8 months in body cast; 5 years later he can walk but has motor limitation (unable to fully raise head) | |
| | Barabino (case described in 2 articles) | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation developed 7 days after battery removal; severe, deep mildly bleeding ulceration of esophageal wall | presented with 3 days of epigastric pain and history of possible coin ingestion | esophagoscopy initiated but when severity of ulceration noted, a lateral thoracotomy was done to exclude damage to aorta; direct contact between battery and aorta excluded by transillumination; battery pushed to stomach then removed; parenteral nutrition, omeprazole and antibiotics started; esophageal perforation developed 7 days after battery removal and was treated conservatively with full recovery | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | presented with 6 month history of poor feeding, chronic cough and progressive difficulty breathing; drooling; mild respiratory distress. | removal by rigid esophagoscopy; serial esophageal dilations required; 3 month hospital stay | |
| | | | | | | | | | | mediastinitis; esophageal erosions; pericardial effusion | vomiting; altered diet but able to eat soft food and drink fluids; dark stools | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bilateral vocal cord palsy; tracheostomy required for delayed acute respiratory distress | stridor; refusing food; drooling; dramatic improvement after battery removal, but stridor recurred about 2 weeks post removal and tracheostomy required 2 months post removal for acute stridor with inability to intubate | removed endoscopically; tracheostomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | left vocal cord paralysis on presentation; extensive necrosis of esophageal wall; esophageal perforation (right side); 1 cm diameter tracheoesophageal fistula developed over a few days 3 cm from carina in upper mediastinum | | endoscopic removal of battery; surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | anterior to upper esophagus | mid-tracheal narrowing due to compression of posterior tracheal wall by battery; bilateral vocal cord paralysis; esophageal stricture | 3-week history of decreased oral intake and upper respiratory symptoms (cough, congestion), eventually refusing to eat anything for 3 days, spitting out any food or water; 5 lb weight loss over 3 weeks; lethargy (decreased tone and strength); severe dehydration (sunken eyes, dry mucous membranes, one wet diaper in 24 hours, poor skin turgor, tenting, delayed capillary refill); malnutrition; esophageal edema (esophagus separated anteriorly from tracheal air column on chest x-ray; stridor developed over the few months post removal | esophagoscopy performed but battery not visualized and appeared to have eroded through the esophageal wall (anterior esophageal mass seen); debris and inflammation in esophagus; bronchoscopy showed considerable mid tracheal narrowing; battery removed surgically through a neck incision - battery walled off between esophagus and trachea; numerous esophageal dilations required due to stricture and diverticulum development; stridor developed over the few months post removal and bilateral vocal cord paresis and persistent airway compression were noted requiring a tracheostomy tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture; necrotic areas visualized in esophagus | reported asymptomatic initially; after removal some difficulty swallowing; choking on food | endoscopic removal of battery; repeated esophageal dilation; speech therapy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; vocal cord paralysis (unilateral, complete); esophageal stricture | presented with drooling; pointing to neck | endoscopic removal of battery; multiple esophageal dilations; gastrostomy tube for feedings; spit fistula and esophageal hiatus closure to allow TEF to heal; reanastomosis of esophagus and spit fistula takedown | |
| | | | | | | | | | | unilateral vocal cord paralysis | presented with cough, dysphagia, fever; unable to drink safely | endoscopic removal; gastrostomy tube for feedings x 5 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | presented with decreased oral intake; coughing/spitting after eating; fever; upper respiratory symptoms | endoscopic removal; esophageal dilation; multiple esophageal dilations; hospitalized ~ 6 days | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | chest pain and refusal to eat or drink x 48 hour | endoscopic removal after CT ruled out vascular involvement; total parenteral nutrition; 2 week hospitalization | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation into retropharyngeal soft tissue at C4 level (contained) which resolved 16 to 23 days post ingestion | emesis and drooling post ingestion | endoscopic removal (unsuccessful flexible esophagoscopy followed by rigid esophagoscopy) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | prior history of repaired tracheoesophageal fistula and subsequent battery ingestion; noncircumferential esophageal ulceration with eschar formation; contained esophageal perforation (focal fluid filled collection) evident 4 days post ingestion which resolved without intervention | hematemesis developed 1-2 hours post ingestion; vomited up battery; dysphagia and pain developed 4 days after ingestion | NPO after contained perforation noted; TPN; antibiotics | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal ulcerations; laryngotracheitis; recurrent aspiration; tracheoesophageal fistula | presented with persistent cough and wheezing | endoscopic battery removal; surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula done after one month of conservative management | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophago-pericardial fistula; pneumopericardium; staph septicemia | presented with intermittent fever for 20 days, then suddently developed difficulty breathing and abdominal pain; tachycardia and tachypnea present; marked intercostal retraction; pericardial rub | endoscopic removal from esophagus; antibiotics; air leak resorbed gradually and resolved with conservative therapy alone | |
| | | | | | | | key fob (accessed new battery from package) | | | esophageal perforation into lung; suspected tracheoesophageal fistula | | endoscopic removal of battery from esophagus; G-tube; surgical repair of fistula; on ventilator x 6 days post-op; 8 week hospitalization; multiple procedures | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; tracheoesophageal fistula; paresis of one vocal cord | | feeding tube inserted; spit fistula; tracheoesophageal fistula repair; esophageal dilations; esophageal reconnection | |
| | | | | | | | | | | partial collapse of T3 and T4 vertebral bodies; acute discitis; mucosal ulceration and granulation at impaction site; esophageal stenosis | 5-weeks of coryza, anorexia, fever, decreased oral intake; 3 weeks of malaise; torticollis; pain on neck movement; reluctance to lie down flat (preferred sitting up) | button battery removed; IV antibiotics x 4 weeks; multiple esophageal dilations from 4 to 12 months after battery removal | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bilateral vocal cord palsy | witnessed, asymptomatic battery ingestion; inspiratory stridor immediately following post-op extubation; immediately reintubated for 24 hours then extubated with recurring stridor but no respiratory distress; discharged home on 10th post-op day | battery removal by rigid esophagoscopy under general anesthesia; nasogastric tube inserted | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bilateral vocal cord paresis diagnosed ~24 hours after ingestion (post removal); cord function recovered in ~ 2 months with normal voice | poor intake; noisy breathing; difficulty breathing; coughing and throat clearing | battery removed; adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea; no tracheostomy required | |
| | | | | | | | | | mid to distal esophagus, compressing distal trachea; negative pole anterior-facing | circumferential burn; tracheoesophageal fistula 2.5 cm above carina | one-week history of a respiratory illness, progressive dysphagia, croupy cough, tachypnea, and tachycardia | battery removed by flexible esophagoscopy; gastrostomy tube placed; tracheoesophageal fistula repaired through transcervical approach | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | gagging; unable to swallow, lethargic | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | erosion and perforation of posterior esophageal wall; esophageal stricture | pooling secretions and feeding intolerance x 2 weeks; presented with cough and repeated emesis 6 months later at which time an esophagram showed a proximal esophageal stricture | laryngoscopic removal; repair of posterior esophageal perforation; prolonged stay in pediatric ICU; dilation of esophageal stricture | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula (15 mm diameter) resolved spontaneously within 3 weeks | dysphagia with solids; violent coughing episodes; tachypnea; drooling; fever; bilateral bronchial rales | endoscopic removal of battery | |
| | | | | | | | | | | localized esophageal injury at level of cricopharyngeus (superficial charred mucosa and muscular layers); left vocal cord paralysis diagnosed 6 weeks after removal with aspiration of thin and thick liquids; proximal esophageal stricture; oral aversion secondary to history of aspiration | 2 hours of excessive drooling and refusal of food; 6-weeks after removal presented with new-onset hoarseness and productive cough concerning for aspiration; laryngoscopy showed left true vocal fold immobility | battery removed by rigid esophagoscopy; multiple esophageal dilations; admissions for intensive feeding therapy; multiple injection medialization procedures required to prevent aspiration | |
| | | | | | | | | | proximal esophagus (cricopharyngeal area) | localized esophageal injury at level of cricopharyngeus (deep ulceration, circumferential erythema and thickening); esophageal stricture | initial choking; bradycardia; choking and vomiting with eating developed 3 months post-ingestion and lasted until ~20 months post-ingestion | battery removed by rigid esophagoscopy; intubation; steroids, proton pump inhibitors; nasogastric tube feedings for 9 days | 10 weeks, then choking with eating developed 3 months post-ingestion and a stricture was diagnosed; ~20 months post-ingestion, normal eating resumed |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential esophageal ulceration; hematemesis; esophageal stricture | irritability; hematemesis | multiple unsuccessful endoscopic removal attempts; pushed battery into stomach; laparotomy to remove the battery from the stomach; blood transfusion; gastrostomy tube insertion; total parenteral nutrition; 2 dilations of esophageal stricture | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 50% circumferential esophageal eschar; severe esophageal erythema and edema; persistent fever and tachycardia; hypotension; right upper lobe of lung collapsed; vocal cord paralysis; esophageal stricture | | battery removed by rigid endoscopy; intubation, ventilation, sedation and paralysis; vasopressors; diuretics; nasogastric tube feedings; tracheostomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn (near the aorta, 4 mm); dysphagia; esophageal stricture | | endoscopic removal of battery | |
| | | | | | | | | | mid esophagus (at the thoracic inlet) | tracheoesophageal fistula below the thoracic inlet | cough; refusing to eat; oxygen desaturation | nasogastric tube feedings; nasojejunal tube feedings | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential burns to mid-lower esophagus; esophageal perforation and fistula (3 mm from the aortic arch); stridor; formation of fibrinous banding near the trachea; edema in the mediastinum; esophageal stricture | | endoscopic removal of battery; intubation, ventilation, sedation, and oxygen; racemic epinephrine, antibiotics, steroids; nasogastric tube feedings; PICC line placement; surgical removal of fibrinous banding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; airway obstruction; esophageal abscess; hypotension; unmanageable oral and nasal secretions; tracheal stenosis | | endoscopical removal of battery; intravenous feedings; intubation, ventilation, paralysis; surgical repair of the fistula (2 procedures); gastrostomy-jejunostomy tube placement | |
| | | | | | | | | | supraclavicular esophagus | esopahageal necrosis; esophageal stricture | fever; drooling; vomiting | esophageal resection (7 cm); gastrostomy tube placement; intubation; drain placement for secretions | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal injury resulting in bilateral vocal cord paralysis | | endoscopic removal of battery; nasogastric tube feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | | endoscopic removal of the battery; tube feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | endoscopic removal of battery; partial esophajectomy; surgical creation of spit fistula; gastrostomy tube placement for feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | esophagus at the upper esophageal sphincter | esophageal perforation; bilateral vocal cord injury; stridor | drooling, vomiting with feeding, respiratory distress | endoscopic removal of battery; intubation, ventilation, sedation; central line placement; tracheostomy; tube feedings | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; pneumothorax; pulmonary edema; generalized edema; kidney injury | | 2 endoscopies to remove the battery (1 unsuccessful); nasogastric tube; bilateral chest tubes; intubation, ventilation, sedation; diuretics, antibiotics | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula (identified 4 days after battery removal) | | endoscopic removal; sloughing and necrosis present at time of removal; defunctioning esophagostomy, Nissen fundoplication, placement of gastrostomy tube; thoracotomy to repair TEF ~3 weeks after esophagostomy, fundoplication and gastrostomy was done; 6 weeks after the TEF repair, the esophagostomy was reversed; repeated dilations required of esophagostomy site over a 7-month period | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | dysphagia; coughing after feeding; recurrent respiratory tract infections; symptoms of aspiration; air-fluid level in esophagus above battery; foreign body found posterior to esophagus and medial to aortic arch | thoracotomy to remove alkaline button battery from an inflammatory esophageal stricture; stricture resected; primary esophageal anastomosis performed | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | Following a difficult removal of a button battery from the esophagus, child had 7-months of choking during feeding; cough; vomiting; recurrent respiratory tract infections leading to several hospital admissions; weight loss | endoscopic removal of battery; repair of tracheoesophageal fistula (fistulous tract was transected and muscle flap placed between trachea and esophagus) | |
| | | | | | | | | | upper esophagus (cricopharyngeal area); negative pole anterior | circumferential esophageal burns; unspecified complications requiring 18 surgical procedures | | removed with rigid esophagoscope after unsuccessful retrieval attempts using flexible scope | |
| | | | | | | | | | | pneumonia; hospitalized for 55 days | discomfort, refusal to eat, vomiting, slight wheezing | endoscopic removal of button battery from esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture; spondylodiscitis C7-T2 | persistent dysphagia x 5 months; vomiting started day of removal | endoscopic removal - no erythema or erosion present; edema and stricture noted on initial endoscopy; antibiotics for spondylodiscitis; lost to follow-up | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | vomiting; fever; weight loss; unable to eat solids; diagnosis missed for 5 months | vomiting; fever; weight loss; unable to eat solids; diagnosis missed for 5 months | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | vomiting; fever; coughing; choking | endoscopic removal; esophageal dilatation | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, hypotension, esophageal stricture | | intubation, mechanical ventilation, feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn requiring surgery to prevent AEF | | endoscopic removal; surgery to reinforce the esophagus with muscle flap due to proximity to aorta | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 16 mm tracheoesophageal fistula 12 mm above carina; mediastinitus; prolonged ICU care (25 days) | 7-day history of fever, cough, vomiting, difficulty breathing; sent home, presented again 4 days later with worsening symptoms and started on antibiotics, presented a third time a day later with fever, tachypnea, desaturation, wheezing and dehydration | near total esophagectomy; cervical esophagostomy and gastrostomy; patch repair of trachea followed by tracheal stent | |
| | | | | | | | | | | aorto-esophageal fistula; paralysis of legs | presented with diarrhea and vomiting; battery removed; hospitalized 8 days; about 5 days later developed hematemesis | surgical repair of aortoesophageal fistula; feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula | first presented with vomiting and fever, followed by cough which worsened over several weeks | endoscopic removal; gastrostomy tube placed for feeding; surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula after it failed to close spontaneously (over a month); repair began to leak, requiring another surgical procedure and use of a glue to close the leak | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula and stricture | difficulty swallowing x 1 week prior to presentation; stridor x >5d; choking and cyanosis occurred post removal; periesophageal leakage of contrast noted on esophagram; repeat esophagoscopy >6 weeks after removal showed tracheoesophageal fistula | removal by flexible endoscopy; very deep, large esophageal ulceration with gangrenous tissue and local bleeding found; tracheoesophageal fistula repaired ~ 6 weeks after battery removal with pericardial patch interposition through a right thoracotomy; 3 months after TEF repair, child developed difficulting swallowing solids, choking and drooling and a tight esophageal fistula was found on esophagram; esophageal dilation was performed x4 3-8 months post TEF repair; no further issues were observed | |
| | | | | | | | | | mid esophagus (level of carina) | tracheoesophageal fistula diagnosed 11 days after battery removal; healed spontaneously with esophageal rest x 5 weeks | coughing, gagging, vomiting, mildly fussy; fever developed a day after removal, resolving by day 4; cough and tachypnea developed later | endoscopic removal of battery; G-tube feeding x 5 weeks | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture; grade 3b esophageal injury | dysphagia; hypersalivation | removed by rigid esophagoscopy; dilation required x 1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture; grade 3b esophageal injury | | removed by rigid esophagoscopy; dilation required x 1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture; grade 3b esophageal injury; battery covered with granulation tissue | cough; decreased appetite; recurrent lung infection | difficult extraction; both rigid and flexible endoscopy used to retrieve battery; dilation x 8 required | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 1.2 cm tracheoesophageal fistula; collapsed left lung; hospitalized x 2 months | | battery removed endoscopically; surgical repair of tracheoesophageal fistula; prolonged induced coma | |
| | | | | | | | | | | large tracheoesophageal fistula noted at time of battery removal; abscess developed | presented with 3-4 days of cough and nonspecific respiratory symptoms | battery removed endoscopically; neck exploration with placement of flap between trachea and esophagus; tracheostomy; G-tube | still on tube feedings at 6 months |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; esophageal stricture | | unable to remove on intial attempt; transferred to second hospital for removal; feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bilateral vocal cord paralysis showing some but not complete improvement in 4 weeks; esophageal ulceration | respiratory distress (inspiratory stridor, retractions, tachypnea) | tracheostomy; nasojejunal tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal perforation; esophageal stricture; discitis at T3/T4 | dysphagia, difficulty bending neck, fever, phlegmon | battery removed endoscopically | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | agitation, refusal to swallow | battery removed endoscopically; feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | abscess; bitlateral vocal cord paralysis; pneumonia | | battery removed endoscopically; feeding tube; central line | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | battery removed endoscopically; feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | vomiting, dyspnea, cough, dysphagia | battery removed esophageal dilitation | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, MRSA infection, seizure | syncope, fussy, screaming, dysphagia, drooling, dyspnea, diarrhea, yeast infection | battery removed, central line, TPN, feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | esophagus below the clavicle | pneumomediastinum, esophageal perforation | stridor, fever, respiratory distress, atelectasis | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal ulcer, contained esophageal leak, blood clot at central line site | drooling, dysphagia, agitation, vomiting | battery removed, central line, feeding tube, anticoagulation | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula, wound dehiscence and hernia at the feeding tube, aspiration pneumonia | agitation, excess secretions, fever, cough, tachypnea, insufficient respiratory volume | battery removed, feeding tube, intubation, mechanical ventilation, surgical repair of wound and hernia, suctioning | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential esophageal burns, asystole, esophageal diverticulum | vomiting, chest pain, fever, bradycardia, dysrhythmia | battery removed, intubation, mechanical ventilation, central line, TPN, isoproterenol | |
| | | | | | | | | | | deep esophageal ulcer, esophageal perforation, mediastinitis | no initial symptoms, minor esophageal bleeding noted on endoscopy | battery removed, central line, TPN, intravenous antibiotics | |
| | | | | | | | | | | aorto-esophageal fistula 1 month after battery removal | admitted for 4 episodes hematemesis over 36 h about 1 month after a battery ingestion; Hgb dropped from 8 g/dL to 3 g/dL 12 h after admission | battery removed by rigid esophagoscopy; extensive necrosis of distal esophagus; child remained asymptomatic, then readmitted 1 month later with hematemesis and aorto-esophageal fistula; thoractomy done, aorta cross clamped and patient was cooled; cardiopulmonary bypass was not used; a longitudinal aortotomy was performed and the fistulous opening was sutured closed; feeding jejunostomy and cervical esophagostomy were performed; reconstructive surgery was done 6 months later | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheo-esophageal fistula, esophageal infection, inflammation and edema | irritability, poor appetite, difficulty sleeping for approximately 3 weeks | endoscopic battery removal from esophagus; medically induced coma; tube feeding; throat reconstructive surgery with removal of 3 rings of trachea | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal stricture, esophageal perforation | gagging, vomiting, dyspnea for approximately 2 months | endoscopic battery removal from esophagus; intubation and mechanical ventilation; feeding tube placement | |
| | | | | | | | | | | gasping when sleeping, choking with swallowing | black emesis, dyspnea, pain, weak voice | endoscopic battery removal from the esophagus; feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | massive hematemesis, hypovolemic shock, aortoesophageal fistula | | multiple blood transfusions; emergency laparotomy, gastrotomy; vasopressors; endovascular stent; feeding tube | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheo-esophageal fistula, pulmonary infection, mediastinitis | difficulty feeding and swallowing; severe respiratory distress | intubation and mechanical ventilation; bronchoscopy; surgical removal of the battery; reconstruction of the trachea; cardiopulmonary bypass; sternotomy; blood products | |
| | | | | | | | | | | hematemesis, melena, syncope, cardiovascular collapse, aortoesophageal fistula | hematemesis, melena, low hemoglobin | endoscopic removal of the battery; 2 repeat endoscopies; surgical reanastomosis of the aorta | |
| | | | | | | | | | | hematemesis, cardiac arrest x2, esophageal perforation, tracheoesophageal fistula, aortoesophageal fistula, left carotid artery erosion; troke, right subdural bleed | hematemesis, cardiovascular collapse | surgical removal of battery; surgical repair of esophagus, trachea and aorta; intubation and mechanical ventilation, hypothermia protocol, ECMO; g-tube placement | |
| | | | | | | | | | | respiratory distress; tracheoesophageal fistula; aspiration pneumonitis | cough/cold symptoms, dysphagia, respiratory distress | surgical repair of the esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; respiratory failure | | surgical repair of esophagus and trachea; gastrostomy, ileostomy, tracheostomy; botulinim toxin administration; thymectomy; intubation and mechanical ventilation; ECMO | |
| | | | | | | | | | | cough when feeding; tracheoesphageal fistula; dysphagia; esophageal stenosis; dyspnea; complete bilateral vocal cord paralysis | | endoscopic removal of battery; esophageal stent; stent removal; gastrostomy; 3 ballon dilation procedures; tracheotomy; esophageal hypopharyngeal anastomosis procedure | |
| | | | | | | | | | | bilaterial vocal cord paralysis; dyspnea | sore throat, dysphagia, vomiting | endoscopic removal of battery; tracheotomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | tracheoesophageal fistula; collapsed lung | upper respiratory infection, viral myocarditis, sick uethyroid syndrome, salt wasting syndrome | endoscopic removal of battery; laryngoscopy; bronchoscopy; surgical fistula repair | |
| | | | | | | | | | | aortoesophageal fistula; collapsed lung; respiratory distress; fever; low hemoglobin; acute hematemesis; tachycardia; hypotension; pallor; weak distal pulses | | rigid esophagoscopy removal of battery; emergent cardiac catheterization; surgical repair of aorta; blood products; intravenous antibiotics, antifungals, proton pump inhibitors; parenteral nutrition | |
| | | | | | | | | | | deep esophageal ulcer; aortoesophageal fistula, hematemesis, left vocal cord paresis | vomiting, diarrhea, fever, congestion, cough, anemia, loss of appetite | endoscopy; surgical repair of aortoesophageal fistula; gastrostomy tube placed; blood products administered; cardiopulmonary bypass; thoracotomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, edema, and inflammation; esophageal scarring; bilateral vocal cord paralysis | drooling, stridor, respiratory distress | endoscopy; bronchoscopy; intubation; mechanical ventilation; nasogastric feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, tracheoesophageal fistula | vomiting, coughing, hoarseness | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, tracheoesophageal fistula, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, aspiration into airway, vocal cord granuloma | fever, emesis, coughing, appeared to be in pain, agitated, unable to swallow solid food | intubation, mechanical ventilation, feeding tube, bronchoscopy, steroids, endoscopy, microlaryngoscopy, debridement of granulation tissue, antibiotic and antifungal treatment, blood products administered | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, aortoesophageal fistula, left common carotid artery erosion, tracheal burn, massive hemorrhage, hypotension, cardiac arrest, opioid withdrawal | lethargy, sudden loss of consciousness, epitaxis, pallor, hypoxia | intubation, mechanical ventilation, endoscopy, blood products administered, cariopulmonary bypass, VA-ECMO, surgical repair of blood vessels, trachea and esophagus, feeding tube, abdominal laparotomy | |
| | | | | | | | | | | grade IV mucosal lesions in the esophagus, mediastinitis, sepsis, esophageal perforation, esophageal stricture | fever, sialorrhea, anorexia | endoscopy, proton pump inhibitor, antibiotics | |
| | | | | | | | | | | grade IIIb mucosal lesions in the esophagus, respiratory infection, esophageal stricture | | endoscopy, parenteral nutrition, proton pump inhibitor, antibiotics, central venous catheter | |
| | | | | | | | | | | grade IIIb mucosal lesions in the esophagus, esophageal perforation, mediastinitis, sepsis, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, stridor, subglottic stricture, respiratory distress syndrome, and hemodynamic instability, severe esophageal stricture along 10 cm of esophagus; poor weight gain | vomiting, sialorrhea, irritability | 2 endoscopies to remove the battery (1 unsuccessful), parenteral nutrition, feeding tube, gastrostomy, central venous catheter, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor, intubation, ventilation, oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, vasopressors, corticosteroids, thoracic tube, cervicostomy, 2 endoscopic dilations, esophagocoloplasty | |
| | | | | | | | | | middle third of esophagus | grade IIIa mucosal lesions in the esophagus, respiratory infection, esophageal stricture, choking episodes | fever, neck pain and stiffness | endoscopic removal of battery, parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor, central venous catheter | |
| | | | | | | | | | | grade IIIb mucosal lesions in the esophagus, respiratory infection, esophageal stricture | fever, vomiting, prostration | enteral and parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor, central venous catheter | |
| | | | | | | | | | | grade IIIb mucosal lesions in the esophagus, esophageal perforation, stridor, pneumomediastinum | cough, respiratory distress syndrome | enteral nutrition, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, intubation, ventilation, oxygen | |
| | | | | | | | | | distal third of esophagus | grade IV mucosal lesions in the esophagus, esophageal perforation, mediastinitis, severe esophageal stricture, choking episodes | | enteral and parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor, central venous catheter, endoscopic dilation of esophagus | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal necrosis, esophageal stricture | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal necrosis, esophageal stricture | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal mucosal hyperemia, esophageal stricture | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal injury resulting in left vocal cord paralysis | | endoscopic removal of battery, PEG feeding | |
| | | | | | | | | | | grade I subglottic stenosis, esophageal stricture, right vocal cord paralysis | | endoscopic removal of battery | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, esophageal stricture | | endoscopic removal of battery | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, esophageal stricture | | endoscopic removal of battery | |
| | | | | | | | | | | respiratory distress, esophageal necrosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, paralyzed left vocal cord | agitation, cough, fever, drooling | endoscopic removal of the battery, ventilator support, IV antibiotics, esophageal stent placement, gastrostomy feeding, jejunostomy feeding, esophageal stent replacements | |
| | | | | | | | | | | respiratory distress, esophageal burn, tracheoesophageal fistula, fungal and bacterial lung infection | fever, cough, vomiting, difficulty swallowing | endoscopic removal of the battery, IV antibiotics and antifungals, enteral feeding, sternotomy, ligation of the fistual and reconstruction of esophagus and trachea | |
| | | | | | | | | | | hematemesis, coma, hypotension, cardiopulmonary arrest, esophageal burn, aortoesophageal fistula | fever, difficulty swallowing for 9 days | cardiopulmonary resuscitation, endoscopic removal of the battery, left post-lateral thoracotomy, repair of the fistula | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | choking, vomiting for 2 days, drooling, lethargy | ventilator support, tube feedings | |
| | | | | | | | | | | circumferential esophageal burn, epiglottic infammation, hoarseness, persistent stridor, aspiration pneumonia, oxygen desaturation, bilateral vocal cord fibrosis and denervation and paralysis, poor feeding, frequent deteriorations in breathing | choking, vomiting, stridor, drooling, increased work of breathing | endoscopic removal of the battery, IV steroids, anbtibiotics, and proton pump inhibitors, ventilator support, tube feedings, CPAP, tracheo-laryngeal reconstruction (unsuccessful), pericardial patch repair to the trachea, PEG feedings, ongoing respiratory support | |
| | | | | | | | | | | dilated esophagus, mediastinal collection, collapsed lung, damaged carina, bilateral destruction of both main bronchi, tracheo-bronchi-esophageal fistula, pneumothorax, multiple paratracheal nodes, breakdown of esophageal repair | appeared unwell, difficulty breathing, fever, drooling, decreased oral intake | endoscopic removal of the battery, surgical repair of the tracheo-bronchi-esophageal fistula, cardio-pulmonary bypoass, surgical reconstruction of the trachea, carina, and both main bronchi, ventilator support, surgical esophageal repair, emergency cervical esophagostomy and gastrostomy, tube feedings, endoscopic removal of tracheal granulation tissue, systemic steroid therapy | |
| | | | | | | | ceiling fan remote control | | | esophageal burn, esophageal perforation; esophageal stricture | | attempted endoscopic removal of batteries (failed), surgical removal of batteries, surgical repair of esophagus, esophageal dilitation | |
| | | | | | | | | | | esophageal burn, esophageal stenosis | vomiting, fever, dehydration | endoscopic removal of the battery, IV antibiotics, esophageal dilitation procedures | |
| | | | | | | | | | | subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, esophageal burn, esophageal perforation | | attempted endoscopic removal of batteries (failed), surgical removal of battery, gastrosomy, tube thoracotomy, tube feedings; surgical closure of gastrostomy | |